Polonnaruwa, the second most ancient of Sri Lanka’s kingdoms, offers a captivating journey through time. This UNESCO World Heritage site is a treasure trove of ancient ruins, showcasing the island’s rich cultural and architectural heritage. From the remnants of royal palaces to the intricately carved statues of Buddha, Polonnaruwa stands as a testament to the grandeur of a bygone era. Here’s an in-depth look at some of the key attractions you must explore in Polonnaruwa.
1. Royal Palace (Vijayabahu Palace)
- Historical Significance: The Royal Palace of King Parakramabahu I was a majestic structure, originally seven stories high and containing over a thousand rooms. Built in the 12th century, it served as the king’s residence and administrative center.
- Architectural Features: Today, visitors can marvel at the palace’s remains, including massive walls and a few surviving chambers that hint at its former glory. The intricacy of the construction and the sheer scale of the ruins are awe-inspiring.
- Cultural Importance: The Royal Palace exemplifies the architectural prowess and the sophisticated urban planning of ancient Sri Lanka, offering a glimpse into the lives of its royal inhabitants.
2. Polonnaruwa Vatadage
- Architectural Marvel: The Polonnaruwa Vatadage is a circular relic house, considered one of the finest examples of ancient Sri Lankan architecture. It was built to protect the sacred Tooth Relic of Buddha.
- Unique Features: The structure is adorned with four elaborately carved entrances, each leading to a central dagoba. The stone carvings depict scenes from Buddhist mythology, showcasing exceptional craftsmanship.
- Spiritual Significance: This sacred site is a focal point for Buddhist devotees and a symbol of the island’s deep-rooted religious heritage.
3. Gal Vihara
- Historical Background: The Gal Vihara is an iconic rock temple built by King Parakramabahu I in the 12th century. It features four stunning Buddha statues carved into a single granite rock.
- Sculptural Mastery: The statues, which include a colossal reclining Buddha, a seated Buddha, and two standing figures, are considered masterpieces of Sri Lankan rock carving.
- Cultural Importance: The Gal Vihara embodies the zenith of Sinhalese art and sculpture, reflecting the religious and artistic sophistication of the Polonnaruwa period.
4. Parakrama Samudraya (Sea of Parakrama)
- Engineering Feat: Parakrama Samudraya is a vast irrigation reservoir built by King Parakramabahu I. Covering an area of 2,500 hectares, it was designed to store and supply water for agriculture, showcasing advanced hydraulic engineering.
- Significance: This artificial lake, still in use today, is a symbol of the king’s vision and dedication to sustainable agriculture. It highlights the ingenuity and foresight of ancient Sri Lankan engineers.
- Visitor Experience: A visit to Parakrama Samudraya offers serene views and an opportunity to appreciate the ancient water management systems that supported a thriving civilization.
5. Lankatilaka Vihara
- Architectural Features: Lankatilaka Vihara is a striking image house with a towering brick structure and a massive standing Buddha statue. The temple’s walls, once adorned with intricate frescoes, still bear traces of their former beauty.
- Historical Significance: Built by King Parakramabahu I, Lankatilaka Vihara served as an important religious and cultural center.
- Cultural Importance: This impressive structure represents the fusion of religious devotion and architectural innovation, making it a must-visit site for those interested in ancient Buddhist architecture.
6. Rankoth Vehera
- Construction: Rankoth Vehera is the largest stupa in Polonnaruwa, built during the reign of King Nissanka Malla in the 12th century. Standing at 54 meters tall, it is a significant religious monument.
- Architectural Elements: The stupa’s design is similar to the Ruwanwelisaya in Anuradhapura, reflecting continuity in Buddhist architectural styles across different periods.
- Spiritual Importance: Rankoth Vehera continues to be a place of worship and pilgrimage, symbolizing the enduring legacy of Buddhist traditions in Sri Lanka.
7. The Council Chamber
- Historical Context: The Council Chamber of King Parakramabahu I, also known as the Audience Hall, was the site of royal assemblies and administrative meetings.
- Architectural Features: The hall is adorned with beautifully carved stone elephants and intricate stone steps, reflecting the artistic excellence of the period.
- Cultural Significance: This site offers insights into the administrative practices and the grandeur of royal ceremonies in ancient Polonnaruwa.
Best Time to Visit Polonnaruwa
The ideal time to visit Polonnaruwa is during the dry season, which runs from November to March. During this period, the weather is generally pleasant and less humid, making it perfect for exploring the ancient ruins and outdoor sites.
Travel Tips
- Dress Appropriately: As many sites are of religious significance, ensure you dress modestly. Cover your shoulders and knees when visiting temples.
- Stay Hydrated: Carry plenty of water, especially when exploring in the heat.
- Hire a Guide: To fully appreciate the historical and cultural context of Polonnaruwa, consider hiring a knowledgeable local guide.
- Early Morning Visits: Start your exploration early in the morning to avoid the midday heat and to experience the sites with fewer crowds.
- Respect Local Customs: Be respectful of local customs and practices, particularly in religious sites. Remove your shoes and hats before entering temples.
Polonnaruwa is not just a collection of ruins but a vivid narrative of a civilization that flourished over centuries. Visiting these historical sites provides a deep appreciation of Sri Lanka’s cultural heritage and architectural brilliance. For those keen on exploring the roots of this ancient kingdom, Polonnaruwa offers an unforgettable journey through time.
Plan your visit to Polonnaruwa and immerse yourself in the rich history and culture that define this magnificent ancient city.